AI-driven automated dental technology company Perceptive has announced the completion of the world’s first fully automated dental procedure on a human using its robotic dentistry system.

Perceptive 

Boston-based Perceptive is an innovative dental technology company that has developed an AI powered dental robotics system to complete restorative dental procedures (e.g. crown replacements) faster and more accurately than any human dentist.

For example, Perceptive says the target for its AI dental robot is for it to be able to “complete a restorative dental procedure, such as a crown, with only one visit” of 15 minutes, which is “down from two visits of one hour each with traditional methods.” 

Interestingly, in addition to being partnered with the Harvard School of Dental Medicine and American Dental Association’s Forsyth Institute, one of the company’s backers is dentist Edward Zuckerberg, the father of Meta boss Mark Zuckerberg.

Not Enough Dentists 

Perceptive’s founder and CEO, Canadian-born Dr. Chris Ciriello said that while working in rural Canada after completing dental school, he noticed that there weren’t enough dentists in the area to treat all available patients. Therefore, to tackle this challenge, he initially built his own Dental Support Organization (DSO) but found that he still had more patients than he could treat, hence the idea to find a technological solution.

How Perceptive’s Dental Robot Works 

To meet the challenge initially identified by Ciriello, his company (Perceptive) developed an advanced dental robot system to carry out surgeries.  To begin a procedure, Perseptive’s AI robotics system uses optical coherence technology (OCT) to make a detailed 3D scan of the patient’s tooth and mouth (including below the gum line, through fluids, and under the tooth surface) using Perceptive’s handheld intraoral scanner. These 3D images are then analysed by AI algorithms to plan and execute the dental procedure efficiently. The actual surgery is then carried out by the system’s robot arm.

Works In A Fraction Of The Time 

Perspective says that its system can prepare teeth “in a fraction of the time” compared to traditional procedures carried out by human dentists. This is because its robot system simulates the preparation geometry prior to prepping the tooth, enabling it to manufacture the restoration (a filling or crown) even before prepping the tooth. The company says this improvement in workflow should allow for a 15-minute restoration visit (unverified and based on their pre-clinical in-house testing).

Accurate & Enhanced Patient Care and Safety

German Galluicci, DMD, Ph.D., Chairman of Restorative Dentistry at Harvard School of Dental Medicine, has been quoted as saying that Perceptive’s technology “achieves over a 90 per cent accuracy rate for detecting caries without the ionising radiation associated with traditional X-rays and CBCT scanners”, noting that this is a “significant improvement over the approximately 40 per cent accuracy of 2D X-rays”. Galluicci says this results in “safer and more precise diagnoses” thereby “enhancing patient care and safety.” 

First Procedure 

The company recently announced that in a world-first, its robot dental arm successfully completed a dental procedure (restoration – a crown replacement) on a human. Perspective’s founder and CEO, Dr. Chris Ciriello, said: “We’re excited to successfully complete the world’s first fully automated robotic dental procedure,” and that “This medical breakthrough enhances precision and efficiency of dental procedures, and democratises access to better dental care, for improved patient experience and clinical outcomes. We look forward to advancing our system and pioneering scalable, fully automated dental healthcare solutions for patients.”

The Benefits 

Although this is only the first dental procedure by the Perspective system on a human, it’s anticipated that the system has the potential to enable dentists to diagnose and treat more patients with higher quality care in less time, thereby reducing the need for manual labour while minimising the chances of human error. As highlighted by Perspective’s CEO, it may also provide the benefit of democratising access to better dental care, bringing about improved patient experience and clinical outcomes.

What Does This Mean For Your Business? 

The successful completion of the world’s first fully automated dental procedure by Perceptive’s robotic system may mark a significant milestone in the evolution of dental care. For businesses in the dental and healthcare sectors, this breakthrough could present both opportunities and challenges that should not be overlooked. Doubtless, there will be fear to be overcome as well as a societal shift in accepting robots of this kind for intimate work.

For example, the introduction of AI-driven robotic dentistry highlights the growing trend toward automation in healthcare, a trend that is likely to reshape how services are delivered. For dental practices, this could mean the need to reassess traditional workflows and consider integrating advanced technologies to remain competitive. The potential to reduce procedure times from hours to just 15 minutes could revolutionise patient throughput, allowing practices to treat more patients with greater efficiency, thereby increasing revenue and enhancing patient satisfaction.

However, with these advancements comes the need for investment in new technologies and training. Dental businesses will need to weigh the costs of adopting such systems against the benefits they offer. Early adopters could gain a competitive edge by positioning themselves as leaders in cutting-edge dental care, attracting tech-savvy patients who value speed and precision in their treatment. Also, the promise of higher accuracy in diagnostics and procedures, as evidenced by Perceptive’s system, could lead to better clinical outcomes, further enhancing the reputation of practices that embrace this technology.

This development may also prompt a shift in the role of dental professionals. As automated systems take on more routine tasks, for example, the role of the dentist could evolve toward more complex decision-making and patient interaction, areas where human skills remain irreplaceable. This could lead to a redefinition of the profession, requiring continuous education and adaptation to new technologies.

The advent of robotic dentistry, therefore, could signify the beginning of a transformative period for the dental industry. Those who proactively adapt to these changes, by investing in technology and upskilling, may be more likely to thrive in this new landscape. Those who fail to do so may find themselves at a disadvantage as the industry moves toward faster, more precise, and more accessible dental care.

A provisional £6m fine has been imposed on an NHS software provider Advanced Computer Software Group following a 2022 data breach that affected more than 80,000 people.

Advanced Software Group 

Founded in 2008, Advanced Computer Software Group, often referred to as “Advanced,” is a UK-based software and IT services company that provides a range of digital solutions primarily to the public sector, healthcare, and private sector organisations. As an IT and software services provider to organisations including the NHS and other healthcare providers, in the eyes of the law, it handles people’s personal information on behalf of these organisations as their ‘data processor’.

What Happened? 

In 2022, hackers accessed a number of Advanced’s health and care systems via a customer account that did not have multi-factor authentication. The personal information belonging to 82,946 people was stolen following the attack. This information included phone numbers and the medical records, as well as details of how to gain entry to the homes of 890 people who were receiving care at home.

Serious Failings 

John Edwards, UK Information Commissioner, has highlighted how the ICO, which has investigated the incident, provisionally found “serious failings” in Advanced’s “approach to information security prior to this incident”. Mr Edwards noted how Advanced “failed to keep its healthcare systems secure” when it should have been taking steps to secure its systems, such as “regularly checking for vulnerabilities, implementing multi-factor authentication and keeping systems up to date with the latest security patches.” 

The Obligations of Data Processors 

In his online statement, Mr Edwards noted that although data processors act on the instructions of their clients, the data controllers, data processors, such as Advanced, “still have their own obligations to implement appropriate technical and organisational measures to ensure personal information is kept secure” and this includes “taking steps to assess and mitigate risks”. 

Health Service Disruption Also Caused 

In his online statement, Mr Edwards also noted that in addition to the theft of personal information, the hack caused disruption to some health services, i.e. disrupting their ability to deliver patient care. Mr Edwards said this meant that “a sector already under pressure was put under further strain due to this incident”. 

Provisional Fine 

The ICO has stated that on the grounds that Advanced failed to implement measures to protect the personal (and some sensitive) information of the 80,000+ people, it has “provisionally decided” to impose a £6.09m fine on Advanced.

However, despite choosing to issue the statement about it, the ICO’s findings and fine are “provisional”. This means that conclusions shouldn’t be drawn at this stage about whether there’s actually been any breach of data protection law or that a financial penalty will ultimately be imposed.

The Commissioner says that any representations from Advanced will now be carefully considered before any final decision is made “with the fine amount also subject to change.” 

Illustrates The Importance of Prioritising Information Security 

UK Information Commissioner, said in his statement about the provisional fine: “This incident shows just how important it is to prioritise information security. Losing control of sensitive personal information will have been distressing for people who had no choice but to put their trust in health and care organisations.” 

What Does This Mean For Your Business? 

The provisional £6 million fine imposed on Advanced Computer Software Group serves as a stark reminder of the critical importance of businesses and organisations prioritising information security. This incident highlights how even well-established companies with significant responsibilities (such as handling sensitive healthcare data) are not immune to severe consequences when security measures are insufficient. The breach at Advanced not only compromised the personal and medical information of over 80,000 individuals but also disrupted essential health services, demonstrating the far-reaching impact of inadequate data protection.

For your business, this underscores the need to rigorously assess and enhance your cybersecurity practices, particularly if you are a data processor or handle sensitive information on behalf of clients. The ICO’s findings point to specific failings, such as the lack of multi-factor authentication and the failure to regularly update systems, which could have prevented the breach. Implementing robust security protocols, including regular vulnerability assessments, system updates, and comprehensive risk mitigation strategies, is not just a legal obligation but a business imperative.

Also, the incident shows how the failure to prioritise information security can lead to significant financial and reputational damage. While the ICO’s decision and fine are currently provisional, the potential for such penalties should serve as a wake-up call for businesses and organisations to take proactive steps in safeguarding personal data. As the Information Commissioner noted, this case demonstrates the distress caused to individuals who trust organisations with their sensitive information, making it clear that maintaining this trust should be a top priority.

Here are 10 top iPhone tips / tricks you may not know about that could make your life easier and help you to be more productive:

1. Digitally Sign Documents

Gone are the days when you needed a printer or scanner to sign important documents. With your iPhone, you can quickly add your signature to any document. Simply take a screenshot of the document, tap the preview thumbnail that appears, and select the Plus icon on the bottom right. From there, choose “Signature” and either draw a new signature or use a stored one. Once you’ve positioned and resized your signature, save the document to share it digitally.

2. Set Up Keyboard Shortcuts for Frequently Used Phrases

If you find yourself repeatedly typing the same phrases, save time by setting up keyboard shortcuts. Navigate to Settings > General > Keyboard > Text Replacement. Tap the plus icon to create a new shortcut, then enter the phrase and a corresponding abbreviation. Now, when you type the abbreviation, your iPhone will automatically expand it to the full phrase. This is especially useful for commonly used business phrases or contact information.

3. Turn Your Keyboard into a Trackpad

Need to edit a text message or email with precision? You can convert your iPhone’s keyboard into a trackpad (like a mousepad on a laptop) by holding down the spacebar. As you press, the keys will disappear, allowing you to move the cursor with your finger. This feature makes it easier to navigate and edit text without having to tap directly on the screen.

4. Extract Text from Photos and Videos

With iPhone’s Live Text feature, you can quickly extract and interact with text found in photos or paused video frames. Simply open the image or video, tap the Live Text icon, and the text will be highlighted. You can then copy, paste, or interact with the text—whether it’s translating a foreign language, dialing a phone number, or visiting a URL. This is a powerful tool for capturing and utilising information on the go.

5. Broadcast Your Screen During Presentations

When you need to share your iPhone screen during a virtual meeting, you can easily do so by using the screen recording feature. Access the Control Centre and long-press the Screen Recording button. You’ll be able to choose an app like Zoom, Google Meet, or Skype to broadcast your screen directly. This is a seamless way to share presentations, demonstrate apps, or provide training sessions remotely.

6. Enhance Audio Quality in Voice Memos

If you often use the Voice Memos app to record meetings, interviews, or notes, you can significantly improve the audio quality by reducing background noise. After recording, tap the equaliser icon and toggle on “Enhance Recording.” This feature filters out ambient noise, ensuring your voice is clear and professional, making your recordings more useful for later reference.

7. Customise Safari Settings for Specific Websites

Not all websites are created equal and some may require different settings for optimal viewing. In Safari, you can tailor the appearance and functionality for individual sites. While browsing, tap the AA icon in the address bar to adjust the font size, enable Reader mode, or choose to always view the desktop version of the site. This feature ensures a consistent and comfortable browsing experience, especially when working with content-heavy websites.

8. Efficiently Move Multiple Apps at Once

Reorganising your home screen doesn’t have to be a tedious process. Instead of moving apps one by one, you can select multiple apps simultaneously. Press and hold one app until it starts to wiggle, then tap additional apps with another finger to create a group. You can then drag this group to a new location or page on your home screen, saving you time and effort.

9. Scan and Save Documents with the Notes App

The Notes app on your iPhone doubles as a portable scanner, making it easy to digitise documents. Open a new note, tap the camera icon, and select “Scan Documents.” The app will automatically detect the edges of the document and capture a clear, high-quality scan. This feature is invaluable for quickly saving and sharing contracts, receipts, or any other important paperwork while on the move.

10. Silence Unknown Callers to Minimise Distractions

If you’re tired of being interrupted by unwanted calls, you can enable the “Silence Unknown Callers” feature. Go to Settings > Phone > Silence Unknown Callers, and any number not in your contacts will be automatically directed to voicemail. You’ll still receive a notification of the missed call, and the number will appear in your Recents list. This feature helps you stay focused on important tasks without unnecessary interruptions.

These 10 tips should help you make the most of your iPhone, boost your productivity, and streamline your daily tasks.

It’s been reported that US Security Awareness Training Company ‘KnowBe4’ unknowingly hired a North Korean hacker as a (remote) software engineer. The hacker used stolen identity and AI-generated imagery to circumvent KnowBe4’s due diligence and was even able to make it through four rounds of interviews before being offered the position.

However, KnowBe4 discovered the hacker’s true identity during a routine security audit when they noticed that a series of suspicious actions had been performed by the new employee. Once identified, the hacker’s access was immediately revoked, the breach was reported to authorities, and the incident, described as an “organisational learning moment” prompted an internal review.

KnowBe4 has suggested that this incident may be part of a broader North Korean campaign to infiltrate US organisations by posing as remote IT staff. The advice to businesses is that HR departments should thoroughly scrutinise remote candidates, especially for critical infrastructure roles or positions with access to sensitive data.

New research has concluded that floating solar panels could have the potential to meet the entire electricity needs of certain countries.

Helping To Decarbonise National Economies 

The findings of the research (from Bangor and Lancaster Universities and the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology) suggest that with a conservative 10 per cent surface area coverage, floating solar photovoltaics could produce sufficient energy to contribute a considerable fraction (16 per cent on average) of the electricity demand of some countries. This means that floating solar panels could play an important role in decarbonising national economies.

Why Floating Solar Panels? 

Solar energy is predicted to be the dominant renewable energy source by 2050, especially considering the growth of solar photovoltaics (PVs) been exceeded all projections. This is most likely because of their cost effectiveness, the global nature of the resource, and their flexibility in deployment.

In their results (published in nature.com), the researchers noted that the main reasons why floating solar photovoltaics (FPVs), also known as ‘floatovoltaics’, have advantages over conventionally deployed PVs that have enabled them to be deployed rapidly around the world (particularly on artificial bodies of water) include:

– The need for land-use change, where the alternative is a ground-mounted system. This is beneficial in land-scarce countries and regions with high land prices.

– FPV systems have lower temperatures, and thus higher efficiencies, compared to land-based systems.

How Much Electricity Could They Produce? 

Based on the researchers’ idea that they could be deployed in 68,000 lakes and reservoirs worldwide, numerical modelling and calculations indicate that FPVs could generate approximately 1302 terawatt hours (TWh) of electricity annually. This equates to four times the total annual electricity demand of the UK!

Where? 

In terms of ideal locations, the researchers identified the best areas for FPV deployment as lakes and reservoirs within 10km of population-centres, away from protected areas, and with no more than six months of freezing a year.

As for which countries FPVs could help meet the energy demands via this renewable energy technology, the researchers highlighted Bolivia, Finland and even China. They also highlighted how FPVs could improve access to electricity in countries such as Chad or Malawi.

Challenges 

Despite the obvious potential benefits of deployment in some countries, the researchers also highlighted some challenges to the deployment of PPVs in some parts of the world and potential negative points, including:

– In many regions (e.g. sub-Saharan Africa), it is not simply a question of electricity supply but also connection, which can be difficult.

– Although globally the deployment of FPVs could lead to a total annual reduction of 0.45 billion tonnes of CO2 (2021 figures), in some countries where the carbon intensity of electricity is already very low, there could be a negative impact of FPV on total CO2 emissions, i.e. they could lead to higher CO2.

– In nations where the energy supply is dominated by hydro and wind, FPVs may increase CO2 emissions given PVsʼ higher carbon intensity.

– The impacts of FPVs on water body carbon cycling and their knock-on impacts on, among other things, CO2 emissions from water bodies are unknown.

– The total reduction in CO2 emissions highlighted by the research were based on water body constraint estimates which could vary depending on the number of water bodies included in any national-scale or global analysis.

Could Reduce Water Evaporation 

One other potential benefit of deploying large numbers of PV modules mounted on (moored) floats covering the surface of a water body noted by the researchers is the potential for reducing water scarcity by mitigating water loss via evaporation. This could be particularly helpful for drought-stricken areas.

Evaporation of water in key reservoirs and lakes has been shown to be accelerating globally under climate change.

What Does This Mean For Your Organisation? 

Covering existing bodies of water with solar floating solar panels to produce clean energy from the sun could, according to this research, represent a significant opportunity in terms of enhancing sustainability while securing a reliable and cost-effective energy source. The findings suggest that covering even a modest portion of water bodies with FPVs could markedly contribute to a whole nation’s electricity supply. This shift towards more sustainable energy practices could reduce costs and dependency on traditional energy sources, thereby benefiting countries, their economies, businesses, and the planet.

Embracing floating solar technology, contributing to the reduction of carbon emissions, and supporting the decarbonisation of national economies, could, it seems, play a pivotal role in combating climate change.

Also, the ancillary benefits of using FPVs at scale, such as reducing water evaporation, may also be particularly relevant for people living and organisations operating in water-scarce regions. This technology offers the dual advantage of generating renewable energy while conserving precious water resources. For organisations and businesses using the (presumably cheaper and abundant) power and benefitting from such initiatives, this could help them demonstrate their commitment to resource efficiency and environmental stewardship. This could be a powerful message in corporate social responsibility reports and sustainability communications.

However, despite the huge potential of FPVs, there are challenges associated with their deployment including potential connectivity issues in regions with underdeveloped electricity infrastructure. For organisations in these areas, it may be necessary to work collaboratively with local authorities and communities to improve grid connections and ensure the effective usage of FPVs. Also, understanding the environmental impact of FPVs on local ecosystems is crucial, but is not yet understood because it hasn’t happened at scale. Comprehensive environmental assessments, therefore, could be conducted to mitigate any negative effects, ensuring that the deployment of FPVs does not inadvertently harm the environment.

Investing in FPVs also appears to offer the promise of long-term financial benefits. The higher efficiency of FPVs compared to traditional land-based systems could result in more stable and predictable energy costs, providing a hedge against volatile energy markets. This stability may prove invaluable for long-term strategic planning and the overall resilience of the organisations operating in areas where FPVs are deployed.

This video tutorial shows two different ways to summarise a web page using ChatGPT.

[Note – To Watch This Video without interruptions, It’s best to download it first].

You may not know thay Windows allows you to sync your clipboard across devices so you can copy content on one device and paste it on another. This is especially useful if you work across multiple Windows devices. Here’s how it works:

– To enable Clipboard Sync, go to Settings > System > Clipboard.

– Toggle on Sync across devices.

– Choose between ‘Automatically sync text that I copy’ or ‘Never automatically sync text that I copy’.

– To use Clipboard Sync, copy content on one Windows device (e.g. press Ctrl + C).

– On another synced device, press Ctrl + V to paste the copied content.

In light of two recent reports of motorcyclists being killed in collisions with Tesla vehicles in Autopilot mode, we look closely at the issue of whether automated driving is really safe.

Death of Two Motorcyclists 

If automated driving is a factor in death on the roads, it seems legitimate to ask the question ‘is automated driving safe?’, especially since it’s a very new technology. In fact, there have been some widely publicised reports of deaths linked to vehicles operating on Autopilot mode in the US in recent times. For example:

– In 2022, a 34-year-old motorcyclist was killed in Utah when his Harley Davidson was hit by a Tesla Model 3 on Autopilot, reportedly driving at 75-80 miles per hour. The parents of the victim have reportedly now sued Tesla and the vehicle’s driver, claiming that the driver assistant software and other safety features are “defective and inadequate.”

– In April last year, a 28-year-old motorcyclist from Stanwood, Washington, was struck by a 2022 Tesla Model S. It’s been reported that the driver of the Tesla told first responders that he had been looking at his phone while the car was driving itself (in Full Self-Driving mode – FSD), when the car suddenly lurched forward, hitting the motorcycle. Washington State doesn’t actually permit self-driving vehicles to operate on the roads, unless they have a testing arrangement with the Department of Licensing.

Other Instances 

There have been other serious recent accidents involving vehicles driving on Autopilot mode, including this month (August 2024), in the US, when a driver of a Tesla was killed when the vehicle failed to navigate a highway ramp while on Autopilot, leading to a collision.

In fact, it’s been reported that The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in the US has identified 13 fatal crashes related to Tesla’s Autopilot.

Not Just Tesla’s With Driver Assistance System 

Although Tesla vehicles were reportedly involved in several incidents, and Teslas have a feature known as ‘Autopilot’ (which includes Traffic-Aware Cruise Control and Autosteer), and a ‘Full Self-Driving (FSD) Package’, it is not the only brand of vehicle with advanced driver-assistance systems.

Other examples include :

– Ford Mustang Mach-E, and F-150 Lightning have ‘BlueCruise’ which offers hands-free driving on pre-mapped highways, adaptive cruise control, lane-keeping, and speed sign recognition.

– General Motors (GM) Chevrolet Bolt EV, Cadillac LYRIQ, and the GMC Hummer EV have ‘Super Cruise’ which offers hands-free driving on compatible highways, lane change on demand, and automatic lane-centering.

– BMW iX and i4 models have ‘Driving Assistance Professional’ which offers adaptive cruise control, lane-keeping assist, and Traffic Jam Assist.

– Mercedes-Benz EQS and EQE models feature ‘Drive Pilot’, a (Level 3) autonomous driving system in specific conditions, primarily on highways.

– Audi e-tron and Q4 e-tron models feature Traffic Jam Pilot (available in limited markets), (Level 3) autonomous driving in traffic jams on certain roads.

– Other makes/models that have similar automatic driving assistance features include Nissan (Ariya), Hyundai/Kia (Hyundai Ioniq 5 and Kia EV6), Lucid Motors (Lucid Air), and Rivian (R1T and R1S).

No Vehicle On The Market Is Fully Self Driving 

Despite many makes/models offering advanced driver-assistance systems, with some claiming to have full autopilot or full self-driving capabilities, it’s essential to note that no vehicle on the market is truly “full self-driving” as defined by the highest levels of autonomous driving (Level 4 or 5). This is where no human intervention is required. Most systems are classified as Level 2 or Level 3, which still require driver supervision.

Levels 

To briefly summarise what each driver assistance level actually means:

– Level 0 means no automation, i.e. the human driver is entirely responsible for controlling the vehicle.

– Level 1 (Driver Assistance) is where the vehicle can assist with either steering or acceleration/deceleration using information about the driving environment, but not both simultaneously – e.g. cruise control.

– Level 2 (Partial Automation) means the vehicle can control both steering and acceleration/deceleration, but the human driver must monitor the driving environment and be ready to take control at any time. One important and relevant example of this is Tesla’s Autopilot.

– Level 3 (Conditional Automation) refers to the vehicle being able to handle all aspects of driving in certain conditions but the human driver must be ready to intervene when requested, e.g. Audi’s Traffic Jam Pilot.

– Level 4 (High Automation) means the vehicle can perform all driving tasks in specific conditions without human intervention. Human driver control is only needed outside these conditions.

– Level 5 (Full Automation), which no vehicle on the market currently has, means the vehicle can handle all driving tasks under all conditions, without any human intervention.

Tesla’s Autopilot & FSD 

As stated above, Tesla’s Autopilot, which was reportedly being used by some drivers involved in fatal collisions, is only level 2 automation, i.e. partial automation where the driver must monitor what’s happening and be ready to take control.

The so-called Full Self-Driving (FSD) Package from Tesla includes advanced features like Navigate on Autopilot, Auto Lane Change, Autopark, Summon, and Traffic Light and Stop Sign Control. It is an upgrade over the standard Autopilot, which includes basic adaptive cruise control and lane-keeping. However, despite its name, FSD is NOT fully autonomous and still requires driver-supervision. In fact, it is considered Level 2 automation, where the system can control both steering and acceleration/deceleration, but the driver must remain attentive and ready to take control.

Tesla says that its Autopilot mode is “intended to be used only with a fully attentive driver. It does not turn a Tesla into a self-driving vehicle, nor does it make a vehicle autonomous”. Tesla also states that “before enabling Autopilot”, you must agree to “keep your hands on the steering wheel at all times” and to always “maintain control and responsibility for your vehicle.”

Driver Error? 

With Tesla’s Autopilot and FSD clearly not making a vehicle fully autonomous, despite the ‘brand names’ of the features containing words that some may assume could suggest more autonomy, many of the reports of accidents do appear to show drivers doing other things and perhaps not being attentive at the wheel. For example, in the case of Jeff Nissen’s death (the 28-year-old motorcyclist of Stanwood, Washington, reportedly hit by a Tesla on Autopilot), it was reported that by the driver’s own admission, his attention was elsewhere (checking his phone). Also, in a crash in March 2018 involving Apple engineer Walter Huang, who was driving his Tesla Model X on Autopilot, it was reported that the driver was playing a video game on his phone at the time, i.e. a lack of driver attention may have affected the severity of the crash.

It was also reported in March that six weeks before the first fatal U.S. accident involving Tesla’s Autopilot in 2016, Tesla’s president Jon McNeill tried a Model X and emailed feedback to automated-driving chief Sterling Anderson (cc’ing Elon Musk) saying (March 25, 2016): “I got so comfortable under Autopilot, that I ended up blowing by exits because I was immersed in emails or calls (I know, I know, not a recommended use)”.  

It should also be noted that Tesla vehicles today use a combination of visual and audible alerts to prompt the driver to pay attention to the road. In fact, recent updates have also incorporated driver monitoring through the cabin-facing camera to detect if the driver is looking away from the road for too long.

Systems At Fault? 

Some people blame the vehicle manufacturers for perhaps leading drivers to be overconfident in the driver assistance systems and others have suggested that the systems themselves may not work as they should. For example, in the case of the motorcyclist killed in a 2022 crash involving a Tesla Model 3 on Autopilot in Utah, the motorcyclist’s parents have sued Tesla (and the vehicle’s driver), claiming that the driver assistant software and other safety features are “defective and inadequate”. 

Why? 

A recent Wall Street Journal article investigated “The Hidden Autopilot Data That Reveals Why Teslas Crash” which looked at alleged safety concerns with Tesla’s Autopilot. It highlighted issues with Tesla’s camera-based system, showing that it struggles in low visibility and obstacle detection. According to the article, an analysis of over 200 crashes revealed problems like sudden veering and failure to stop. Driver over-reliance on Autopilot and “phantom braking” were also highlighted as significant concerns. The investigation used data and video from crashes and emphasised a need for improved safety measures and transparency from Tesla.

Driverless Services

As mentioned, fully autonomous vehicles, are not yet (widely) available to the general public. However, there are some pilot programs and limited deployments are taking place in certain locations for driverless services. Here are some notable examples:

Waymo (a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc.) has been testing fully autonomous vehicles in several locations, including Phoenix, Arizona. They offer a limited public ride-hailing service called Waymo One, where some rides are conducted without a safety driver in the vehicle. They have encountered some issues recently, leading to increased scrutiny and regulatory actions. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) launched an investigation into Waymo following 22 incidents where its autonomous vehicles were involved in collisions or potentially violated traffic laws.

These incidents included crashes with objects such as gates and parked cars and instances where the vehicle’s automated driving system appeared to disregard traffic control devices. Despite these issues, the company has stated that it is proud of its safety record, having driven tens of millions of autonomous miles.

Waymo is cooperating with NHTSA to address these concerns​ although Waymo has also been subject to recalls. In June 2024, NHTSA obtained a voluntary update from Waymo to address a defect in its software that affected its ability to accurately detect and respond to poles near the driving path. This recall was part of the regulatory body’s approach to ensuring the safety of automated driving systems.

Cruise (backed by General Motors) operated autonomous vehicles in San Francisco although recently faced significant challenges, leading to a suspension of its driverless car operations nationwide. This decision came after a series of incidents involving Cruise vehicles, including a notable accident in San Francisco where a pedestrian was injured. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) launched a federal investigation into these incidents, prompting Cruise to pause operations to reassess and improve its safety protocols. The company announced that it is taking a proactive approach to rebuild public trust by examining its processes and ensuring safety is prioritised.

Apollo (part of Baidu) offers the ‘Apollo Go’ service in China (in cities like Beijing, Changsha, Cangzhou and Wuhan) providing fully autonomous rides in specific zones. Apollo has experienced some issues as it continues to expand its robotaxi services. For example in Wuhan, Baidu has deployed a large fleet of robotaxis and while these vehicles only make up a small portion of the city’s total taxis, they have been causing significant traffic problems.

The robotaxis are reported to drive too cautiously, leading to traffic jams and frustration among residents. Despite these issues, Baidu has made substantial progress in scaling its operations and has been expanding rapidly (it was the first to offer 24/7 service in China​) and has been aggressive in its rollout strategy, which includes heavily discounting rides to compete with traditional taxis. However, this approach has raised concerns about the long-term viability of its business model. Additionally, there have been incidents involving Apollo Go vehicles, such as minor accidents with pedestrians, which have stirred public debate and highlighted ongoing safety and integration challenges​​.

Overall, while Baidu’s Apollo program is advancing rapidly, it faces challenges related to traffic integration, safety, and economic sustainability as it works to improve its autonomous vehicle technology​.

Zoox (an Amazon subsidiary) has been testing its custom-built autonomous vehicles for public transport in specific areas. It has recently faced regulatory scrutiny and challenges in its operations. The NHTSA has opened an investigation into Zoox following incidents involving unexpected braking, which may pose rear-end crash risks. These incidents involved Zoox vehicles equipped with their automated driving system and occurred during daylight within the operational limits of the system. The investigation aimed to assess the performance of Zoox’s Automated Driving System, particularly concerning crosswalk behavior and rear-end collision scenarios​​. In response, Zoox has stated its commitment to transparency and collaboration with regulators to address these concerns.

Zoox has been expanding its vehicle testing in various locations, including California, Nevada, Austin, and Miami. Despite the investigation, the company continues to explore new markets and refine its technology​. However, as Zoox expands, it faces the ongoing challenge of integrating autonomous vehicles into urban environments.

Motional (a joint venture between Hyundai and Aptiv) is testing fully autonomous vehicles in Las Vegas and plans to offer a commercial service in partnership with Lyft. However, the company laid off about 40% of its workforce and announced plans to pause some of its robotaxi deployments, including those with Uber and Lyft, amid restructuring efforts​.

Despite these setbacks, Hyundai plans to invest nearly $1 billion to support Motional, aiming to keep the company viable as it works toward launching a robotaxi service using driverless Hyundai Ioniq 5 vehicles​​. Motional continues to test its vehicles in multiple cities, including Boston, Las Vegas, and Los Angeles​​.

These examples illustrate that while fully autonomous vehicles are being tested and deployed in certain controlled environments and fully-autonomous driverless services are available, completely autonomous vehicles (as such) are not yet widely available for everyday public purchase. Regulatory, technological, and safety challenges still need to be addressed before they can be purchased (mainstream) and adopted to run fully independently

What Does This Mean For Your Business? 

The debate on whether automated driving is safe has significant implications for various stakeholders. For manufacturers, the mounting incidents could suggest the necessity of rigorous testing and transparent communication about the capabilities and limitations of automated systems. While the technology promises enhanced safety and convenience (and supposedly greater safety on the roads), it may now be worth looking more closely at the apparent shortcomings identified in real-world applications, such as obstacle detection in low visibility and system reliability. This may not just involve refining the technology but also setting realistic expectations for consumers to prevent misuse and over-reliance.

For businesses relying on these technologies, such as logistics and ride-sharing companies, understanding that no current vehicle is fully autonomous (Level 4 or 5) is vital. The systems available (primarily Level 2 and some Level 3) require constant driver supervision. Educating drivers about their responsibilities and ensuring adherence to safety protocols could therefore mitigate risks. Anyone using these vehicles must always remain vigilant, keeping their hands on the wheel and their attention on the road at all times, as highlighted by the frequent accidents due to driver inattention.

In the UK, fully autonomous vehicles are not yet permitted on the roads without a special testing arrangement. The Automated Vehicles (AV) Bill, for example, aims to create a framework for the deployment and insurance of automated vehicles, which could influence future regulations and safety standards.

For the courts, the increasing number of incidents involving Tesla’s Autopilot is prompting deeper scrutiny. Legal cases are examining whether the marketing of these systems leads to driver overconfidence and misuse. The outcomes of these cases could set precedents affecting how manufacturers communicate the capabilities of their automated systems and the degree of responsibility they bear.

While automated driving systems have made significant advancements, claiming enhanced safety compared to human drivers, the technology is apparently not without flaws. The current systems require human supervision, and accidents often appear to involve a combination of factors such as driver attention, potential system faults, and road conditions. As such, while automated driving can offer safety benefits, it is not yet foolproof, and users must remain actively engaged.

Automated driving, therefore, presents both opportunities and challenges. The technology is advancing, but it demands responsible use, continued innovation, and comprehensive regulatory frameworks to ensure it truly enhances road safety. The growing body of evidence from incidents and legal actions suggests a cautious and informed approach is necessary to navigate the path towards fully autonomous driving.

In this insight, we look at how a recently developed ‘World Cybercrime Index’ appears to show the globe’s key cybercrime hotspots by ranking the most significant sources of cybercrime at a national level.

Three Years To Develop 

The world-first World Cybercrime Index (WCI) was developed by following three years of intensive research as part of a joint partnership between the University of Oxford and the University of New South Wales (UNSW), funded by CRIMGOV (an EU-supported project). Details of the research and findings were published on PLOS ONE, the Public Library of Science open-access journal.

Why? 

Co-author of the study, Dr Miranda Bruce (University of Oxford and UNSW Canberra) said that the index produced by the study will enable both the public and private sectors to focus their resources on key cybercrime hubs, thereby spending less time and funds on cybercrime countermeasures in countries where the problem is not as significant.

Dr Bruce says that WCI will also “help remove the veil of anonymity around cybercriminal offenders, and we hope that it will aid the fight against the growing threat of profit-driven cybercrime.” 

Deeper Understanding 

It’s also hoped that having an index of this kind will bring a “deeper understanding of the geography of cybercrime” and shows how different countries specialise in different types of cybercrime. Continuing to collect such data may also enable monitoring of the emergence of any new hotspots, meaning that interventions could be made in at-risk countries “before a serious cybercrime problem even develops.” 

This WCI can also inform policymakers for better resource allocation in combating cybercrime effectively.

What Is The Index and How Does It Work? 

The World Cybercrime Index (WCI) was developed to provide a comprehensive ranking of countries based on their cybercrime threats and vulnerabilities. The methodology of the WCI involved surveying 92 leading cybercrime experts globally. The experts assessed five categories of cybercrime: technical products/services, attacks and extortion, data/identity theft, scams, and cashing out/money laundering. They then nominated the countries they deemed the most significant sources of each type and rated these countries based on the impact, professionalism, and technical skill of their cybercriminals.

By analysing these expert opinions, researchers were able to generate scores for each category, combining them into an overall metric to create the WCI.

Which Countries? 

The index shows that a relatively small number of countries house the greatest cybercriminal threat. Topping the list is Russia, followed by Ukraine, China, the USA, Nigeria, and Romania, with the UK coming in at number eight.

Invisible Before – Index Is A First Step 

Co-author of the WCI, Associate Professor Jonathan Lusthaus, from the University of Oxford’s Department of Sociology and Oxford School of Global and Area Studies, has highlighted how getting information from surveys about cybercrime has been challenging up until now because offenders often mask their physical locations by hiding behind fake profiles and technical protections.

The index, therefore, is being seen as a valuable first step to a broader aim of understanding the local dimensions of cybercrime production across the world.

For example, co-author of the study, Professor Federico Varese from Sciences Po in France says: “Many people think that cybercrime is global and fluid, but this study supports the view that, much like forms of organised crime, it is embedded within particular contexts”. 

What Does This Mean For Your Business? 

This index appears to follow ‘Pareto’s Principle’, in that the majority of output(s) can be attributed to a minority of input(s) … commonly known as the 80/20 law. For example, 80% of people only use 20% of their computers’ features, or 80% of profits come from 20% of clients.

The development of the World Cybercrime Index (WCI) could have significant implications for businesses across the globe. Understanding the key cybercrime hotspots and the nature of cyber threats they pose may enable businesses to better protect themselves and allocate resources more efficiently.

By highlighting the countries that are the most significant sources of cybercrime, the WCI could help companies operating in or dealing with these regions to take more stringent cybersecurity measures. Being aware of these hotspots may, therefore, enable businesses to more accurately focus their cybersecurity investments on the most pressing threats and on mitigating risks more effectively.

The index’s detailed breakdown of cybercrime categories, e.g. technical products/services, attacks and extortion, data/identity theft, scams, and cashing out/money laundering, also provides businesses with insights into specific types of cyber threats they might face. This granular understanding could help tailor cybersecurity strategies to address the most relevant threats, enhancing overall resilience against cyber-attacks.

Also, the WCI may serve as a valuable tool for policymakers, influencing regulations and cybersecurity frameworks that businesses must comply with. By aligning corporate cybersecurity policies with national and international regulations informed by the index, businesses may be able to ensure they are not only compliant but also optimally protected. This proactive approach could prevent legal and financial repercussions associated with data breaches and cyber-attacks.

As part of the NGI TrustChain initiative, 15 startups have been awarded €1.8 million in funding to use blockchain to tackle online misinformation, fraud and fake identities.

What Is Blockchain? 

Blockchain technology (first released in 2009 and the technology behind Bitcoin) is the decentralised digital ledger system that securely records transactions across multiple computers, ensuring transparency, security, and immutability without the need for a central authority.

What Is The NGI TrustChain Initiative? 

The NGI TrustChain initiative is part of the Next Generation Internet (NGI) programme, aimed at developing a more secure, trustworthy, and decentralised internet. It focuses on using blockchain and distributed ledger technologies to enhance online privacy, data security, and trust. The initiative involves collaboration between a variety of stakeholders, including research institutions, technology developers, and industry experts, all working together to foster innovation and improve the internet’s security, privacy, and trustworthiness.

One of the key aims of the initiative is to protect human rights and democratic processes in online spaces, both of which are threatened by misinformation and fake identities, e.g. through distorted information, manipulation, or weaponisation.

The 15 Startups

The 15 startups were selected from a pool of 162 applicants who responded to an ‘open call-out’ by NGI TrustChain in February 2023. Each of the chosen 15 startups will receive up to €117,000 in funding. The NGI TrustChain initiative has provided over €4.5 million in funding to 43 companies to date.

Who, Where, and What? 

The winning startups are from 10 European countries including the UK, Netherlands, Germany, France, Spain, and Greece. Their blockchain-based solutions of the 15 range from cryptography and data aggregation platforms to open-source IT tools and Web3 computing.

It’s been reported that the startup chosen from the UK is SecureOpinion, which has used blockchain technology to create a secure platform for sharing public opinions on social media, promoting trust and transparency.

As for the reason for the funding of the startups, Dr Rajarajan Muttukrishnan, core team member of TrustChain and Professor and Director of the Institute of Cyber Security at City, University of London says: “misinformation and deepfakes are inescapable in this time of elections and conflicts. We’re funding blockchain and other tamper-resistant technologies from top new startups to increase trust in democracy”. 

Dr Muttukrishnan  points to the value of using blockchain to authenticate online material, saying: “The ability to validate the images and text to prove the authenticity of the media files will help to protect against malicious content utilised for propaganda, political gain or other malicious activities online such as radicalisation, online harm, and terrorism.” 

What Does This Mean For Your Business? 

The EU’s funding of 15 startups through the NGI TrustChain initiative presents significant opportunities for businesses aiming to enhance their digital security and credibility. By integrating blockchain technology, companies can benefit from unparalleled transparency and security in their online operations. This is particularly crucial in an era where misinformation and digital fraud pose substantial risks to both reputation and operational integrity, particularly when 2024 is such a key election year (combatting deepfakes and political misinformation).

For businesses, the adoption of blockchain solutions can lead to more robust verification processes, ensuring that all transactions and interactions are secure and tamper-proof. This is not only essential for protecting sensitive information but also for building and maintaining customer trust. As consumers become increasingly aware of digital threats, demonstrating a commitment to security and transparency can distinguish your business from competitors.

Also, the innovative solutions being developed by these startups, such as SecureOpinion’s platform for verifying public opinions, highlight the practical applications of blockchain beyond financial transactions. Businesses across various sectors can leverage these technologies to safeguard against misinformation, ensuring that the information disseminated and received is accurate and trustworthy. This is especially relevant for companies involved in media, communications, and any field where the authenticity of information is paramount.

By staying ahead of the curve and investing in blockchain technology, businesses can not only protect themselves from the growing threats of online misinformation and fraud but also position themselves as leaders in digital innovation. This proactive approach can enhance a business’s reputation, foster customer loyalty, and ultimately contribute to long-term success in the digital age.